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Abstract
Croceous glands are yellowish glands that occur exclusively in some species of Senega Spach (Polygalaceae). These glands are especially conspicuous in reproductive organs, such as the fruits, but their structure, origin, and secretion are still uncertain. The objective of this study is to determine the nature of the croceous glands in Senega from an analysis of the fruits of Senega longicaulis (Kunth) J.F.B. Pastore. Flowers and fruits at different developmental stages were analysed through light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the origin, structure, and composition of the secretion of the glands. Croceous glands of the pericarp are cavities that originate early, while still in the ovary, through a schizolysigenous process. In addition, new glands are formed de novo during fruit development, and the persistent calyx observed surrounding the fruit, also has such cavities. The secretory tissue is constituted by a single layer of epithelial cells, lining a spheroidal lumen that stores the secretion. The exudate is composed of essential oils, indicating functions related to protection against herbivory and microbial attacks. Our results partially diverge from previous reports, and further comprehensive analyses of Polygalaceae glands are essential to understand the nature of croceous glands and the evolution of defence strategies within the family.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Layse K. C. Lopes, Ana C. A. A. Dias, José Floriano B. Pastore, Diego Demarco
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